*Extracted from comprehensive anesthesia notes.*
Preparatory Mindset
Focus on: physiologic effects of anesthesia, drug mechanisms, airway management, and complication recognition. Exam questions often test classification systems (ASA, airway assessment) and complication management.
Core Concepts
Core Purpose
- - Prevent intraoperative complications; assist clinical judgment
- - Anesthetist vigilance is irreplaceable
Cardiovascular Monitoring
- - ECG: mandatory, no contraindications
- ▪ Detect arrhythmia, myocardial ischemia, conduction disorders, electrolyte disturbance
- ▪ Lead Ⅱ: arrhythmia & inferior ischemia; Lead V₅: anterior/lateral ischemia
- - Blood Pressure (BP)
- ▪ SBP, DBP, MAP = (SBP + 2DBP)/3
- ▪ NIBP(Non-Invasive Blood Pressure): oscillometry; measure every 3–5 min
- ▪ NIBP contraindications: vascular shunt, PICC line, burns
- - SpO₂: mandatory for all anesthesia; normal >95%
- ▪ False readings: COHb, metHb, anemia, hypoperfusion, nail polish, shivering
- - FiO₂: fraction of inspired oxygen; ensures oxygen supply
- - EtCO₂ (Capnography): mandatory, especially general anesthesia
- ▪ Confirm tracheal intubation; evaluate ventilation
- ▪ Zero EtCO₂: esophageal intubation, disconnection, obstruction, cardiac arrest
- ▪ Increased EtCO₂: hypoventilation, malignant hyperthermia
- ▪ Decreased EtCO₂: hyperventilation, embolism, leakage
- - Temperature
- ▪ Hypothermia: core temp <35°C
- ▪ Causes: anesthetics, cold OR, cold IV fluids
- θor
High-Yield Points
- ASA classification is a must-know for exam
- Understand differences between general vs regional anesthesia
- Complications and their management are frequently tested
- Know the Mallampati score and airway assessment criteria