Subject:

Ch20: Nephrotic Syndrome & Urinary Tract Infection

Preparatory Mindset

Nephrotic syndrome and urinary tract infection are "glomerular vs tubular" topics. Nephrotic syndrome is defined by the tetrad — proteinuria >3.5 g/day, hypoalbuminaemia, oedema, hyperlipidaemia — and the exam skill is matching the histology to the clinical picture: minimal change disease (MCD — children, steroid-responsive), membranous nephropathy (MN — adults, 40%, anti-PLA2R, thromboembolism), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS — adults, HIV/heroin, steroid-resistant), membranoproliferative GN (MPGN), with diabetic nephropathy and lupus nephritis as the classic secondary causes. The complications are the high-yield part: thromboembolism (renal vein thrombosis up to 40%), infections, AKI, dyslipidaemia. UTI is pattern-recognition: lower (cystitis) vs upper (pyelonephritis), uncomplicated vs complicated, with the HKHA empiric regimens (amoxicillin-clavulanate / nitrofurantoin for cystitis; IV agents for pyelonephritis) and the "don't treat asymptomatic bacteriuria" rule as LMCHK must-knows.

Core Concepts

Nephrotic syndrome — definition (updated 2024)

- Proteinuria >3.5 g/day (adults) (or spot protein:creatinine >3.5 g/g); children — >40 mg/m²/h or >50 mg/kg/day. - Hypoalbuminaemia <30 g/L; oedema (periorbital, dependent, ascites, anasarca); hyperlipidaemia ± lipiduria (oval fat bodies, fatty casts). - "Nephrotic-range proteinuria" alone is not the syndrome — the full tetrad is required.

Aetiology (primary glomerular disease ~75%)

Primary glomerulopathyFrequencyKey features
Minimal change disease (MCD)15% (children ~most common)Normal LM, podocyte foot-process effacement on EM; ~90% of children and ~50% of adults respond to prednisone
Membranous nephropathy (MN)40% (most common in adults)Thickened GBM (immune deposits); anti-PLA2R antibody; spontaneous remission or progressive; thromboembolism risk
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)15%Segmental sclerosis; primary or secondary (HIV, heroin, obesity, reflux); steroid-resistant, progresses to ESRD
Membranoproliferative GN (MPGN)7%Mesangial + subendothelial deposits, "tram-track"; hypocomplementaemia; HCV (cryoglobulinaemia)
Mesangioproliferative GN (MsPGN)5%IgA nephropathy etc.

Secondary causes (~25%): diabetic nephropathy (most common secondary; albuminuria + declining GFR), lupus nephritis (class I–VI; class IV diffuse proliferative — most severe, immunosuppression), amyloidosis, myeloma (light-chain), infection (HBV/HCV, HIV), drugs (NSAIDs, gold, penicillamine), malignancy (paraneoplastic — MN with lung/GI cancer), pre-eclampsia.

Pathophysiology

Clinical features & complications

- Thromboembolism: renal vein thrombosis (up to 40% in MN), DVT, pulmonary embolism, arterial thrombosis — anticoagulate (LMWH/warfarin) in high-risk MN; spontaneous peripheral arterial/venous thrombosis. - Infection: pneumococcal peritonitis, cellulitis (loss of IgG/complement) — treat promptly. - AKI: hypovolaemia, diuretic overuse, acute tubular injury. - Dyslipidaemia, malnutrition, hypothyroidism, anaemia.

Diagnosis

Treatment

- MCD: prednisone (90% children/50% adults respond); steroid-dependent/frequent-relapse → cyclophosphamide/calcineurin inhibitor/rituximab. - MN: conservative first (ACEi/ARB + anticoagulation); moderate–high risk → rituximab, cyclophosphamide ± steroids, calcineurin inhibitors. - FSGS: steroids (less responsive), calcineurin inhibitors; control secondary causes (HIV — ART; obesity). - MPGN: treat cause (HCV — antivirals); steroids if idiopathic. - Lupus nephritis (class III/IV): high-dose steroids + cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate (MMF). - Diabetic nephropathy: glycaemic control, ACEi/ARB, SGLT2i, BP control.

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

- Uncomplicated cystitis: analgesics + fluids; empirical 7-day oral — amoxicillin-clavulanate or nitrofurantoin (avoid if CrCl <30 mL/min); fluoroquinolones generally avoided for uncomplicated cystitis (FDA warning). - Acute pyelonephritis: prompt effective empirical IV antibiotics — amoxicillin-clavulanate, or piperacillin-tazobactam if Pseudomonas suspected, or meropenem for severe/deteriorating; complete 14-day course; switch to oral when improving (guided by cultures). - Complicated UTI: treat underlying urological abnormality, broader cover, longer course; catheter — consider removal/replacement. - Asymptomatic bacteriuria: do NOT treat except in pregnancy and patients undergoing invasive urological procedures (no clinical benefit).

HKHA Handbook (LMCHK) — Key Points

- Uncomplicated cystitis: analgesics + oral fluids; empirical therapy (generally 7 days): amoxicillin-clavulanate or nitrofurantoin (avoid if CrCl <30 mL/min); FDA warns against fluoroquinolones for uncomplicated cystitis unless no alternative. - Acute pyelonephritis: analgesics/antipyretics, fluid resuscitation ± inotropes for severe; prompt effective IV antibiotics — amoxicillin-clavulanate, or piperacillin-tazobactam (if Pseudomonas), or meropenem (severe/deteriorating); review on culture results; complete 14-day course. - Asymptomatic bacteriuria: treatment NOT recommended except in pregnancy and patients undergoing invasive urological procedures.

High-Yield Points

Topic Summary

Nephrotic syndrome is the tetrad of heavy proteinuria (>3.5 g/day), hypoalbuminaemia, oedema and hyperlipidaemia, caused by primary glomerulopathies (MCD in children — steroid-responsive; membranous nephropathy in adults — anti-PLA2R, thromboembolic; FSGS — steroid-resistant; MPGN) or secondary diseases (diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis, amyloid, myeloma). Management combines salt restriction, diuretics, ACEi/ARB, statins and disease-specific immunosuppression, with aggressive prevention of the four complications — thromboembolism, infection, AKI, dyslipidaemia. UTI spans cystitis (7-day amoxicillin-clavulanate/nitrofurantoin) to pyelonephritis (14-day IV regimen), with the HKHA rules — no fluoroquinolones for simple cystitis, treat asymptomatic bacteriuria only in pregnancy/procedures — as LMCHK priorities.