Ch04: Psychological Development & Health（心理发展与健康）

Preparatory Mindset

Developmental psychology across the lifespan — Erikson's 8 stages of psychosocial development (the most tested), attachment theory (Bowlby/Ainsworth), adolescent mental disorders, well-being in adulthood (marriage & health), and socioemotional selectivity theory (Carstensen). The review docx + 医学心理学笔记 cover all of this.

Exam mindset: know Erikson's 8 stages with their crises (trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame/doubt, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs stagnation, integrity vs despair) and the 4 attachment styles (secure, preoccupied, dismissing, fearful).

Core Concepts

1. Erikson's 8 stages of psychosocial development (MUST KNOW)

• "The theory that characterizes how an individual overcomes the 8 life stages as a function of negotiating their biological and sociocultural forces."
• Each stage has a psychosocial crisis — the conflict the individual must resolve; success → virtue, failure → vulnerability

2. Infant development — key factors (MUST KNOW)

- Maternal depression - Stress in pregnancy - Stress after giving birth

• Major crisis for infancy: trust vs. mistrust — success → hope; failure → fear
• Factors with biggest influence on infant cognitive/emotional/behavioral development:

3. Attachment theory (Bowlby & Ainsworth) (MUST KNOW)

| Style | Self-model | Other-model | Characteristics | |---|---|---|---| | Secure | Worthy of love | Trustworthy, dependable | Values relationships; healthy | | Preoccupied (anxious) | Unworthy | Unreliable | Needy, dependent, jealous; rejection is painful | | Dismissing (avoidant) | Self-sufficient | Distant | Doesn't like being cared for; avoids intimacy | | Fearful (disorganized) | Unworthy | Untrustworthy | Distrusts others; fearful of rejection; avoids intimacy |

• "It is essential for a child to develop trust and empathy in order to achieve higher levels of social functioning."
• 4 attachment styles:

4. Adolescent mental disorders (MUST KNOW)

• Anxiety disorder — most common; may be caused by depression, bullying, stress, parental death, divorce, chronic disease
• Mood disorder — depressive mood; more common in females
• ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder): inattentive, distracted, emotionally immature
• Disruptive behavior disorder: females may run away from home; at increased risk of sexual exploitation, high level of sexual behavior

5. Well-being in adulthood (MUST KNOW)

• Marriage and health: mental health gets better when married; married consistently report better psychological health compared to the unmarried
• The marriage-health link is mediated by social support, healthier behaviors, and economic stability

6. Socioemotional selectivity theory (Carstensen) (MUST KNOW)

• Emotional-based motives will decrease as you grow older (less emotionally-driven, more goal-oriented)
• Perception of time plays a fundamental role in selection and pursuit of social goals
• Older adults narrow social networks to emotionally meaningful relationships (vs younger adults who seek information broad networks)
• Clinical implication: in elderly patients, focus on emotional well-being in the limited time ahead

7. Developmental psychometrics

• Attachment test: Strange Situation (Ainsworth — secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized)
• Cognitive development: Piaget (sensorimotor → preoperational → concrete → formal — for pediatric context)
• Stages of moral development: Kohlberg (preconventional → conventional → postconventional)

High-Yield Points

• Erikson 8 stages: Trust → Autonomy → Initiative → Industry → Identity → Intimacy → Generativity → Integrity
• Virtues: Hope → Will → Purpose → Competence → Fidelity → Love → Care → Wisdom
• Infancy crisis: trust vs. mistrust; virtue: hope
• Maternal depression, pregnancy stress, postpartum stress = biggest factors on infant development
• Attachment 4 styles: Secure, Preoccupied, Dismissing, Fearful
• Adolescent disorders: anxiety (most common), mood (depression — females), ADHD, disruptive behavior (female: runaway + sexual exploitation risk)
• Marriage = better mental health
• Socioemotional selectivity: emotional regulation increases with age; time perception shapes social goals
• Adolescent risky behavior: self-image, peer pressure, identity formation

Topic Summary

Erikson's 8 psychosocial stages characterize developmental crises across the lifespan — Trust vs. Mistrust (infant, virtue Hope), Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (toddler, Will), Initiative vs. Guilt (preschool, Purpose), Industry vs. Inferiority (school, Competence), Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence, Fidelity), Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adult, Love), Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adult, Care), Ego Integrity vs. Despair (older adult, Wisdom). Major factors influencing infant cognitive/emotional/behavioral development include maternal depression, stress in pregnancy, and postpartum stress. Attachment theory (Bowlby/Ainsworth) outlines 4 styles: secure, preoccupied, dismissing, fearful. Adolescent mental disorders span anxiety (most common), mood (depression more common in females), ADHD, and disruptive behavior disorder (with females at risk of running away and sexual exploitation). Married adults consistently report better psychological health than unmarried. Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory describes how time perception shapes social goals; older adults prioritize emotionally meaningful relationships.