Ch11: Psychological Assessment & Testing（心理评估与测验）

Preparatory Mindset

Psychological tests measure intelligence, personality, cognition, and behavior for clinical diagnosis, research, and educational purposes. The review docx (Chapter 4) covers the core concepts (sample, reliability, validity, standardization), intelligence tests (IQ, Raven's), personality tests (MMPI, EPQ, projective tests). The exam tests: reliability vs validity, MMPI (4 validity + 10 clinical scales), Rorschach inkblot, IQ formula (MA/CA × 100), and Raven's Progressive Matrices.

Exam mindset: know reliability = consistency, validity = accuracy (the classic distinction), MMPI structure, and the Raven's 3 versions (standard, colored, advanced).

Core Concepts

1. Why psychological testing (MUST KNOW)

• The basis for mental health treatment — used to measure/observe behavior, emotions, thoughts
• Evaluate cause, severity, and duration of symptoms
• Track treatment outcomes (before/after)

2. Core concepts (MUST KNOW)

• Sample: the group of individuals that participate in the research
• Reliability: how dependent (consistent) a test's measurements are — does it give the same result on repeated uses? (test-retest, internal consistency, inter-rater)
• Validity: what characteristic the test measures and how well it measures it (content, construct, criterion)
• Standardization: the process of making a test uniform, or set it to a specific standard (norms, administration, scoring)

3. Types of psychological tests (MUST KNOW)

• Intelligence test (IQ): measures mental / developmental ability; identifies learning disabilities
• Neuropsychological test (NT): measures cognitive functions (memory, language, executive functioning)
• Personality test: measures behaviors, emotions, thoughts (surveys, clinical interviews, observational data, medical exams)
• Achievement/aptitude test: measures learned knowledge vs. learning potential
• Behavioral assessment: direct observation of behavior (functional behavioral analysis)

4. Intelligence tests (MUST KNOW)

- MA = mental age - CA = chronological age

- IQ = 100 + 15 × ((x − m) / s) - m = mean, x = individual score, s = standard deviation

- Standard (RSPM): 5 sets (A–E) of 12 items (A1–A12); increasing complexity; requires cognitive capacity to encode and analyze information - Colored (RCPM): for children aged 5–11 years - Advanced (RAPM): for adults and adolescents of above-average intelligence

• IQ definition: a measure of a person's reasoning ability
• Average IQ: 85–115 (mean 100, SD 15)
• High intelligence: >145
• IQ formula (ratio): IQ = (MA/CA) × 100
• Deviation IQ: the absolute measure of how far an individual differs from the mean on an individually administered IQ test
• Raven's Progressive Matrices (MUST KNOW):
• Wechsler scales (WISC for children, WAIS for adults): 5 subtest indices (verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed, full scale IQ)
• Stanford-Binet: classic IQ test

5. Personality tests (MUST KNOW)

MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

1. Hypochondriasis (Hs) — somatic concerns 2. Depression (D) — depression 3. Hysteria (Hy) — somatic conversion 4. Psychopathic Deviate (Pd) — antisocial traits 5. Masculinity/Femininity (Mf) — gender-role 6. Paranoia (Pa) — suspiciousness 7. Psychasthenia (Pt) — anxiety, OCD 8. Schizophrenia (Sc) — psychotic features 9. Hypomania (Ma) — mood elevation 10. Social Introversion (Si) — introversion

• Screens for personality and psychosocial disorders
• 4 validity scales + 10 basic clinical scales
• 4 validity scales: Cannot Say (?), Lie (L), Infrequency (F), Correction (K)
• 10 clinical scales:
• Mnemonic: H-D-H-P-M-P-P-S-H-S (Hypochondriasis, Depression, Hysteria, Psychopathic deviate, Masculinity/femininity, Paranoia, Psychasthenia, Schizophrenia, Hypomania, Social introversion)
• Versions: MMPI-2 for adults ≥18; MMPI-A for adolescents 14–18

EPQ (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire)

• 3 dimensions: Introversion-Extraversion, Neuroticism-Stability, Psychoticism
• 4 versions (adult, short, junior, revised)

Big Five inventories

• NEO-PI-R, NEO-FFI (Costa & McCrae) — 5 factors (OCEAN)

Other personality

• 16PF (Cattell), Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) — non-clinical, popular

6. Projective tests (MUST KNOW)

- Uses inkblots (10 cards, 5 B&W, 5 color) - Examines personality characteristics and emotional functioning - Detects underlying thought disorder - Scoring: Exner system (location, determinant, content, popularity)

• Definition: tests that use ambiguous stimuli to reveal unconscious thoughts, feelings, and conflicts
• Rorschach Inkblot Test:
• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): stories based on ambiguous pictures; reveals interpersonal themes, conflicts
• Drawings: Human figure drawing (KFD), House-Tree-Person
• Sentence completion tests

7. Clinical assessment vs. research

• Clinical interviews: structured (SCID, MINI), semi-structured, unstructured — diagnose mental disorders
• Behavioral observation: direct observation in natural/in-clinic settings
• Self-report scales: PHQ-9 (depression), GAD-7 (anxiety), PCL-5 (PTSD), AUDIT (alcohol), MMSE (cognition)
• Performance-based: neuropsychological testing, behavioral tasks

8. Ethical and cultural considerations

• Informed consent
• Confidentiality (with safety exceptions for harm to self/others)
• Competence (testing within scope of training)
• Cultural validity: norms apply to the population on which the test was validated
• Avoid misuse: labels, racial bias, diagnostic overshadowing

High-Yield Points

• Reliability = consistency; Validity = accuracy; Standardization = uniform procedure
• IQ = (MA/CA) × 100; average 85–115; mean 100, SD 15
• Deviation IQ = 100 + 15 × ((x − m) / s)
• Raven's Standard (5 sets A-E), Colored (children 5-11), Advanced (above-average)
• MMPI: 4 validity + 10 clinical scales (Hs-D-Hy-Pd-Mf-Pa-Pt-Sc-Ma-Si)
• MMPI-2: adults ≥18; MMPI-A: adolescents 14-18
• Rorschach inkblot = projective test, reveals unconscious thoughts
• Neuropsychological test = cognitive functions (memory, language, executive)
• Personality test = behaviors, emotions, thoughts
• Intelligent test = IQ, learning disabilities
• PHQ-9, GAD-7, PCL-5 — common self-report scales

Topic Summary

Psychological testing is the basis of mental health assessment — measuring intelligence, personality, cognition, and behavior. The three core concepts are reliability (consistency — does the test give the same result on repeated use), validity (accuracy — does it measure what it claims to measure), and standardization (uniform procedure & norms). Intelligence tests (IQ = MA/CA × 100; modern deviation IQ = 100 + 15 × ((x−m)/s); Raven's Progressive Matrices in 3 versions: standard/adult, colored/children 5-11, advanced/above-average) measure reasoning ability. Personality tests include the MMPI (4 validity + 10 clinical scales: Hypochondriasis, Depression, Hysteria, Psychopathic Deviate, Masculinity/Femininity, Paranoia, Psychasthenia, Schizophrenia, Hypomania, Social Introversion; MMPI-2 for adults, MMPI-A for adolescents), the EPQ (3 dimensions), and Big Five inventories (NEO-PI-R). Projective tests use ambiguous stimuli (Rorschach inkblot, TAT) to reveal unconscious thoughts and emotional functioning. Ethical use requires informed consent, confidentiality, competence, and cultural validity.