Ch16: Medical Psychology — Exam Review（医学心理学考试复习）

Preparatory Mindset

This is the exam capstone — consolidating the course through the actual question sources: the Week 16 Questions (the teacher's own MCQ practice set — psychodynamic therapy, family therapy, art/mindfulness, CBT, person-centered), the review.pdf (13-page condensed review), the Medical Psychology.docx Q&A review (10 chapters), and the 0 MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY-review deck. Review this chapter the day before the exam.

Exam mindset: the Week 16 questions are the most reliable blueprint — they cover psychodynamic (Freud, ego, transference, free association, working through), family therapy (Bowen, Minuchin SFT), art therapy, mindfulness (Kabat-Zinn, MBSR, body scan), CBT, and Rogers' conditions. Know these cold.

Core Concepts — Week 16 question patterns (MUST KNOW)

A. Psychodynamic (Freud) — the most tested

1. Which part mediates between primal drives and reality? → Ego
2. Client unconsciously attributing unacceptable feelings to therapist = Projection (defense mechanism) — but transference is when the client redirects feelings from past people onto the therapist. Key distinction: projection (attributing own feelings to others) vs transference (redirecting past-relationship feelings to the therapist)
3. Client reacts to therapist with the anger/defiance they felt toward their parent = Transference
4. Primary goal of psychodynamic therapy: bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness
5. Therapeutic relationship as a tool = analysis of Transference & Countertransference
6. Technique: saying whatever comes to mind without censorship = Free Association
7. Inkblots to reveal unconscious = Rorschach Test
8. Therapist helps client link past & present = Interpretation
9. Working Through phase goal = repeatedly facing the conflict (bringing unconscious material into awareness over time)
10. Exploration phase technique = Setting the therapeutic frame / analyzing defense mechanisms (among options: analyzing defense mechanisms is key)
11. Termination phase purpose = help the patient achieve independence and internalize progress
12. LEAST suitable first-line for = an active psychotic crisis (psychodynamic is not first-line for acute psychosis)

B. Erikson (development)

• Industry vs. Inferiority = School Age (6-11y) — the classic pairing
• Trust vs. Mistrust = Infancy; Identity vs. Role Confusion = Adolescence

C. Family therapy

• Bowen Family Systems Theory developer = Murray Bowen
• Structural Family Therapy (SFT, Minuchin) FIRST step = actively joining and accommodating to the family's style (joining precedes restructuring)
• Family = a system; the identified patient may be the symptom

D. Art therapy

• Art therapy helps = almost everyone, including diverse populations with emotional or cognitive needs
• Retired man coping with loneliness = through group art activities to foster social connection and self-expression
• Color associated with calm/tranquility = Blue (links to sky and ocean)
• Nonverbal expression of emotions; useful in trauma (PTSD), children, dementia

E. Mindfulness

• Pioneer who brought mindfulness into mainstream Western healthcare = Jon Kabat-Zinn (MBSR)
• NOT a core attitudinal foundation of mindfulness = Multi-tasking (core: acceptance, patience, beginner's mind, non-judging, trust, non-striving, letting go)
• Focusing attention systematically on different body parts = Body Scan
• Preparation for Body Scan = lying down comfortably for 20-30 minutes
• Mindfulness most effective (nurses review) = psychological distress, stress, and depression (vs passive controls)
• MBSR = 8-week program for stress, anxiety, depression, pain
• MBCT = for depression relapse prevention

F. Person-centered (Rogers)

• Congruence vs incongruence: congruence = outward behavior matches inner experience; incongruence = mismatch
• Three core conditions for therapeutic change: Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR) + Empathic understanding + Congruence

G. CBT

• Behavioral theory in CBT = a theory emphasizing learning, conditioning, and how behavior is influenced by the environment
• Intervention techniques in CBT = cognitive restructuring, thought records, behavioral experiments, exposure, behavioral activation
• Core principle of CBT = thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are interconnected; changing thinking changes emotion/behavior
• Main goal of Thought Records = identify and challenge distorted automatic thoughts

Core Concepts — review deck highlights (0 MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY-review)

1. Ch1 Introduction: key person (Wundt); major psychology approaches' perspectives; tasks of a psychologist; applying psychology in medicine
2. Ch2 Research method: steps of scientific research; qualitative vs quantitative; subjective vs objective data; definition of "operation" (operationalization); reliability & validity; descriptive/correlational/experimental methods; definition of abnormal behaviors
3. Ch3 Psychodynamic: consciousness levels (unconscious, preconscious, conscious); personality structure (id, ego, superego); psychosexual stages; defense mechanisms; therapy techniques (free association, dream analysis, interpretation, resistance, transference)
4. Ch4 Stress: what is a stressor; GAS; primary & secondary appraisal
5. Ch5 Key concepts I: sensory processes; external sensations (sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch); sensitivity, sensory threshold, sense of contrast, sensory deprivation; perception; constancy; illusions; attention types; inattentional blindness
6. Ch6 Key concepts II: memory (encoding, storage, retrieval); sensory/short-term/long-term memory; forgetting curve; emotion (6 basic, 2 dimensions, action units); personality (Big Five); Maslow's hierarchy (5 & 7 levels)
7. Ch7 Development & health: Erikson's 8 stages; psychological crisis; attachment theory; adolescent mental disorders; well-being in adulthood (marriage & health); socioemotional selectivity theory
8. Ch9 Assessment: psychological testing; sample, reliability, validity, standardization
9. Ch10 Health behavior: health behavior; TTM stages; socioecological framework

Core Concepts — review.pdf (13-page summary)

• Condensed definitions: stress, stressor, GAS, appraisal; health behavior & TTM; memory & emotion; attachment; Erikson; psychodynamic techniques; Rogers' conditions; CBT; assessment (reliability/validity/MMPI/IQ); doctor-patient communication
• (For full detail see each chapter in this set)

High-Yield Points — the "guaranteed" facts

• Ego mediates drives & reality; Id = pleasure; Superego = morality
• Projection = attributing own feelings to others; Transference = redirecting past feelings to therapist; Countertransference = therapist's response
• Free association = uncensored speech; Rorschach = inkblots
• Psychodynamic LEAST suitable for = acute psychosis
• Erikson Industry vs Inferiority = school age (6-11)
• Bowen = family systems; Minuchin SFT = join the family first
• Kabat-Zinn = MBSR pioneer; Body scan; mindfulness reduces stress/depression/distress
• Rogers' 3 conditions: UPR + empathy + congruence
• CBT: thoughts↔feelings↔behaviors; thought records challenge distortions
• Congruence = inner experience matches outer behavior
• Art therapy: blue = calm; group art = social connection
• MMPI: 4 validity + 10 clinical scales; IQ = (MA/CA) × 100
• GAS: alarm → resistance → exhaustion; stress = negative emotional state from perceived threats
• Maslow 5 levels: physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization
• Big Five: OCEAN
• 6 basic emotions: anger, happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise

Topic Summary

The exam review condenses the course via the Week 16 questions (the teacher's own practice set) + the review deck + review.pdf. Psychodynamic is the most heavily tested: ego mediates drives (Freud), projection vs transference, free association, Rorschach, interpretation, working through, termination, and psychodynamic being least suitable for acute psychosis. Erikson (industry vs inferiority = school age), family therapy (Bowen, Minuchin SFT — join first), art therapy (blue = calm; group = social connection), mindfulness (Kabat-Zinn/MBSR, body scan, stress/depression reduction), person-centered (Rogers' 3 conditions; congruence), and CBT (thoughts↔feelings↔behaviors; thought records) complete the tested spectrum. Master these patterns plus the review-deck highlights (research methods, sensation/perception, memory/emotion/personality, development/attachment, stress/GAS, assessment/MMPI/IQ, health behavior/TTM) and you will be exam-ready.